Regulatory bodies often face certain issues within the media Sector when making the guidelines and rules such as:
Ownership - How many subsidiaries a conglomorate can own
Monopoly - The power of a conglomorate because of the amount of things they own. if one conglomorate controlled every media company in the world they basically controll the world because there is no one else to offer another side of the story so what they say is believed because no one else stands against it
Thursday, 17 November 2011
Wednesday, 16 November 2011
Regulation of the media sector
British Video Association,
The BVA represent the interests of publishers and right owners of pre recorded video entertainment
The BVA represent the interests of publishers and right owners of pre recorded video entertainment
Film Distributors Association,
the FDA are a trade body that offer advice and will stand up for film distributors in the UK they are also trying to battle film piracy and theft.
Video Standards Council (VSC),
The VSC are a company dedicated to ensuring that the high standards of classification are met. they also develop and oversee the code of practice for video games DVDS and videos.
Trading Standards
The Trading Standards Institute Check that Shops are not selling any illegal or counterfit goods such as games and Dvd's
Press Complaints Commission (PCC)
The Press Complaints Comission are a regulatory body for the printed media (Newspapers and magazines) they handle all complaints concerning these forms of media.
Advertising Standards Authority (ASA),
The ASA are a group dedicated to Regulating the UK's Advertisemants and handling complaints from adverts and remove them if they are too problematic
The Mobile Entertainment Forum (MEF),
They help to promote the industry and support those who work within it.
The Independent Games Developers Association (IGDA),
they are dedicated to helping game developers advance their careers in development.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA),
They are a charity in the UK that hold awards ceremonies for films and games etc.
Commercial Radio Companies Association (CRCA),
They are a charity in the UK that hold awards ceremonies for films and games etc.
Commercial Radio Companies Association (CRCA),
The International Visual Communication Association (IVCA),
They help members to promote themselves to the government or stakeholders.
They help members to promote themselves to the government or stakeholders.
Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C),
The W3C Develop protocols and guidelines for the internet so that it can continue to grow and expand.
The W3C Develop protocols and guidelines for the internet so that it can continue to grow and expand.
British Web Design and Marketing Association,
They promote and Encourage the standards within british web design and the new media sector.
They promote and Encourage the standards within british web design and the new media sector.
British Interactive Multimedia Association (BIMA)
BIMA are a union to represent all those working in the UK digital industry. they reweard good work and promote good practice and knowledge.
BIMA are a union to represent all those working in the UK digital industry. they reweard good work and promote good practice and knowledge.
Friday, 11 November 2011
Media representation
Representation in the media is the way that publications or broadacasters Portray a certain gender, race or group of people. their language actions and things that happens involving them help the public to develop either a positive or negative opinion on the group of people portrayed. Representation of certain groups can change over time due to pressure from the community being represented to change the way that they are viewed, for instance if a well known TV show had a load of black people robbing shops and starting gang wars every week there would be tons of complaints because this can damage an opinion on the black community making them out to be all
Wednesday, 9 November 2011
The BBFC
Wednesday, 2 November 2011
Ethical and Legal constraints within the media Sector
Ethical:
social issues and sensitivities, eg representation of gender, representation of religious beliefs, linguistic usages, accessibility; professional body codes of practice, eg BBC producers’ guidelines, Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C) accessibility standards
Legal:
Broadcasting Act 1990 (and later amendments),
The broadcasting act is a series of laws passed through government on what you can and cannot broadcast on UK Television. An example of breaking this act wuld be to Broadcast something Obscene or Vulgar without persmission.
A law stating that it is illegal to disclose information regardeing national security. An examplwe of this would be if a british newspaper Dsiclosed the Location of an important military base or Secret bunker or the location of an important person like a member of the royal family
Obscene Publications Act 1959
Laws concering Film finance and defining british films
Video Recordings Act 1984,
laws stating that all videos that are sold or available for rent are classified by the bbfc
Race Relations Act 1976
laws stating that no one on Television is to be discriminated over their race
Human Rights Act 1998,
rights that are believed to belong justifiably to every person
Licensing Act 2003
Licensed buildings must have a specific license to play certain music or broadcast certain TV channels
privacy law
Privacy is the right to be left alone
copyright
Copyright is the law stating that anything copyrighted is the property of the person or company that created it and cannot be used by another company etc
intellectual property law
Intellectual property reffers to things that are created in the mind such as designs, art work, music, images, symbols etc used in commerce, I.P can be owned, bought, or sold
libel law
Libel Laws are about slander/defamation stating that no publications or broadcasters are allowed to say or write anything that shows an individual or Group in a negative way
Codes of practice
A code of practice is a set of guidelines that you must follow in a work environment, Each career has its own unique Codes of practice which relate to how you behave, dress and specialist things to do with the career itself. Breaking the rules of a code of practice can end up in you being fired.
This is the newspaper and periodical industry’s Code of Practice. It is framed and revised by the Editors’ Code Committee made up of independent editors of national,
regional and local newspapers and magazines. The Press Complaints Commission, which has a majority of lay members, is charged with enforcing the Code, using it to
adjudicate complaints. It was ratified by the PCC in September 2009. Clauses marked* are covered by exceptions relating to the public interest.
All members of the press have a duty to maintain the highest professional standards.
The Code, which includes this preamble and the public interest exceptions below,
sets the benchmark for those ethical standards, protecting both the rights of the
individual and the public's right to know. It is the cornerstone of the system of selfregulation
to which the industry has made a binding commitment.
It is essential that an agreed code be honoured not only to the letter but in the full spirit. It should not
be interpreted so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual,
nor so broadly that it constitutes an unnecessary interference with freedom of expression or prevents
publication in the public interest.News international Phone hacking Scandal
One of the most Recent Famous cases in media which Clearly breaks more than 1 of these Laws is the News international Phone hacking scandal. The cases of phones being hacked were being looked into from 2005-2007 but in July 2011 it was revealed that the phones of murdered school girl milly dowler, Relatives of Deceased souldiers and survivors of the 7/7 bombings in london were acessed also, this caused public outrage against news international it was a clear Breech of Privacy and is also rather disgusting. This eventually lead to the news of the world newpspaper being closed down and Rupert murdoch had to withdraw his bid from Buying BskyB. Phone hacking is an obvious breach of human rights and Privacy laws stating that everyone has the right to a private life and to be left alone, it can be scary knowing that there is always people prying into your life through your phone.
Thursday, 13 October 2011
Film Financing
Film Companies have 4 main ways of getting the funds they need for film production and these are:
.Government Grants
.Tax Schemes
.Debt Finance
.Equity Finance
Government Grants
Sometimes the Government will give grants to a film production company if certain Criteria are met. A lot of the time the government will give grants to films being made in certain areas because they believe that this may attract people to the area and help to stimulate employment and tourism. Government Subsidies are often pure grants meaning that they expect no money in return because in theory the tourism that films could attract shot in certain places is payment enough.
Tax Schemes
A number of countries have introduced legislation that has the effect of generating enhanced tax deductions for producers or owners of films. Schemes are created which effectively sell the enhanced tax deductions to wealthy individuals with large tax liabilities. The individuals pay the producer a fee in order to obtain the tax deductions. The individual will often become the legal owner of the film or certain rights relating to the film, but the producer will in substance continue as the real owner of the economic rights to exploit the film Governments are beginning to recognise that enhanced tax deductions are an inefficient way of supporting the film industry (information from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_finance) So basically the film producers sell off the Tax deductions to rich people who then sort of become a part owner of the film but the producers are still the owner and have the rights to the film. so that when the film is released the people who bought the Tax Deductions can make money off the film aswell its like investing in a films success basically.
Debt Financing is based on pre–sales and television pre–sales. The pre sales is based on the script and cast selling the right to distribute a film in other territories before said film is completed. If the film has any big names in it or if the genre of the film is big at the time, they film will be expected to do well once finished. A deposit of 20% is made by the buyer into the film bank account upon the signing of a pre sale and the leftover 80% due to be paid upon the films delivery to the foreign film agent.
It is more usual for a producer to see the TV rights of this film after it’s been produced made, sometimes it can be possible to sell the rights in advance and use the money to pay for production. A television station will be a subsidiary of the movie studio’s parent company.
Equity Finance – This requires the film makers to sell interests to the film or Film Company in exchange for all funding. For example if a film maker sells 50% of the corporate interest to an investor, then the investor will lose his entire investment if the film is a complete failure. And if the film is a success then the investor will receive 50% of every £/$ that the film makes, far more than what a lender would get. So an investor would only receive his/her money back if the film shows a return.
.Government Grants
.Tax Schemes
.Debt Finance
.Equity Finance
Government Grants
Sometimes the Government will give grants to a film production company if certain Criteria are met. A lot of the time the government will give grants to films being made in certain areas because they believe that this may attract people to the area and help to stimulate employment and tourism. Government Subsidies are often pure grants meaning that they expect no money in return because in theory the tourism that films could attract shot in certain places is payment enough.
Tax Schemes
A number of countries have introduced legislation that has the effect of generating enhanced tax deductions for producers or owners of films. Schemes are created which effectively sell the enhanced tax deductions to wealthy individuals with large tax liabilities. The individuals pay the producer a fee in order to obtain the tax deductions. The individual will often become the legal owner of the film or certain rights relating to the film, but the producer will in substance continue as the real owner of the economic rights to exploit the film Governments are beginning to recognise that enhanced tax deductions are an inefficient way of supporting the film industry (information from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_finance) So basically the film producers sell off the Tax deductions to rich people who then sort of become a part owner of the film but the producers are still the owner and have the rights to the film. so that when the film is released the people who bought the Tax Deductions can make money off the film aswell its like investing in a films success basically.
Debt Financing is based on pre–sales and television pre–sales. The pre sales is based on the script and cast selling the right to distribute a film in other territories before said film is completed. If the film has any big names in it or if the genre of the film is big at the time, they film will be expected to do well once finished. A deposit of 20% is made by the buyer into the film bank account upon the signing of a pre sale and the leftover 80% due to be paid upon the films delivery to the foreign film agent.
It is more usual for a producer to see the TV rights of this film after it’s been produced made, sometimes it can be possible to sell the rights in advance and use the money to pay for production. A television station will be a subsidiary of the movie studio’s parent company.
Equity Finance – This requires the film makers to sell interests to the film or Film Company in exchange for all funding. For example if a film maker sells 50% of the corporate interest to an investor, then the investor will lose his entire investment if the film is a complete failure. And if the film is a success then the investor will receive 50% of every £/$ that the film makes, far more than what a lender would get. So an investor would only receive his/her money back if the film shows a return.
TV Funding
TV Funding
There are many different ways that TV companies Get the funding they need, Each company has its own way of making money dependant on which type of company they are, a Few examples are the BBC who are public service and have the licence fee and Sky who get their money from Subscriptions and Advertising.
The BBC
the BBC are a Public Service Broadcaster meaning that they are government owned and they cannot advertise most of the BBC’S Money comes from the licence Fee which is £145.50 a Year per each household and this is divided out into Each different Service that the BBC has, £7.96 goes to Television, £2.11 a month goes to Radio £0.66p goes to maintaining the online services (BBC Online, BBC iplayer and BBC mobile) and £1.40 goes to other things such as running costs and investments in new technologies. While the Licence Fee is how the bbc mainly make money they have many other ways such as Syndication, Merchandising and Competitions. Syndication is when they Sell their programs to other companies, after theyve been showed originally the companies buy them to re run on their channels. Merchandising and Competitions are pretty obvious and Self explanatory and the BBC are not the only ones to use these methods to get money as they are fairly standard precedure for making money.
Sky and Virgin media
Sky and Virgin Media are Subscription broadcasters which mean that they have an annual fee on Top of the licence fee and provide Hundreds of channels making it seem like its worth the money but Really its not because if you get the full package for Sky you get about 900 channels and it's highly unlikely that you'll use more than 100 channels at most. Sky and Virgin also Syndicate their programs, Advertise, Sell merchandise and also sell the rights to their licenced programs. The popularity of sky has Risen tremendously over the years with company turnover at £93 million at june 30th 1991 and Company Turnover at £5,912 Million at june 30th 2010.
ITV and Channel 5
ITV and Channel 5 are Commercial broadcasters meaning that they are private companies and most of their funding comes from advertising but they also Syndicate Programs, have call ins and competions and merchandising, theyre pretty standard and dont really have any distinguishable ways of making money compared to the other companies.
Channel 4
Channel 4 is rather unique in the way that it is part commercial and Part public service, this means that they get a small part of the Licence Fee but they can Still advertise unlike the BBC and of course they have all the standard other ways of making money such as Syndication, Merchandising and Competitions.
The BBC
the BBC are a Public Service Broadcaster meaning that they are government owned and they cannot advertise most of the BBC’S Money comes from the licence Fee which is £145.50 a Year per each household and this is divided out into Each different Service that the BBC has, £7.96 goes to Television, £2.11 a month goes to Radio £0.66p goes to maintaining the online services (BBC Online, BBC iplayer and BBC mobile) and £1.40 goes to other things such as running costs and investments in new technologies. While the Licence Fee is how the bbc mainly make money they have many other ways such as Syndication, Merchandising and Competitions. Syndication is when they Sell their programs to other companies, after theyve been showed originally the companies buy them to re run on their channels. Merchandising and Competitions are pretty obvious and Self explanatory and the BBC are not the only ones to use these methods to get money as they are fairly standard precedure for making money.
Sky and Virgin Media are Subscription broadcasters which mean that they have an annual fee on Top of the licence fee and provide Hundreds of channels making it seem like its worth the money but Really its not because if you get the full package for Sky you get about 900 channels and it's highly unlikely that you'll use more than 100 channels at most. Sky and Virgin also Syndicate their programs, Advertise, Sell merchandise and also sell the rights to their licenced programs. The popularity of sky has Risen tremendously over the years with company turnover at £93 million at june 30th 1991 and Company Turnover at £5,912 Million at june 30th 2010.
ITV and Channel 5
ITV and Channel 5 are Commercial broadcasters meaning that they are private companies and most of their funding comes from advertising but they also Syndicate Programs, have call ins and competions and merchandising, theyre pretty standard and dont really have any distinguishable ways of making money compared to the other companies.Channel 4
Channel 4 is rather unique in the way that it is part commercial and Part public service, this means that they get a small part of the Licence Fee but they can Still advertise unlike the BBC and of course they have all the standard other ways of making money such as Syndication, Merchandising and Competitions.
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